Importance of Court Case of Korematsu v. United States

Significance of Court Case of Korematsu v. US Korematsu v. US was a Supreme Court case that was settled on December 18, 1944, toward the finish of World War II. It included the lawfulness of Executive Order 9066, which requested numerous Japanese-Americans to be set in internment camps during the war. Quick Facts: Korematsu v. US Case Argued: Oct. 11-12, 1944Decision Issued: Dec. 18, 1944Petitioner: Fred Toyosaburo KorematsuRespondent: United StatesKey Question: Did the president and Congress go past their war controls by limiting the privileges of Americans of Japanese descent?Majority Decision: Black, Stone, Reed, Frankfurter, Douglas, RutledgeDissenting: Roberts, Murphy, JacksonRuling: The Supreme Court decided that the security of the United States was a higher priority than maintaining the privileges of a solitary racial gathering during a period of militaryâ emergency. Realities of Korematsu v. US In 1942, Franklin Roosevelt marked Executive Order 9066, permitting the U.S. military to announce portions of the U.S. as military zones and in this way prohibit explicit gatherings of individuals from them. The useful application was that numerous Japanese-Americans were constrained from their homes and put in internment camps during World War II. Plain Korematsu, a U.S.- conceived man of Japanese plunge, intentionally opposed the request to be migrated andâ was captured and indicted. His case went to the Supreme Court, where it was concluded that rejection orders dependent on Executive Order 9066 were in certainty Constitutional. In this way, his conviction was maintained. The Courts Decision The choice in the Korematsu v. US case was entangled and, many may contend, not without logical inconsistency. While the Court recognized that residents were being denied their established rights, it additionally proclaimed that the Constitution took into consideration such restrictions. Justice Hugo Black wrote in the choice that every legitimate limitation which shorten the social equality of a solitary racial gathering are promptly suspect. He likewise composed that Pressing open need may at times legitimize the presence of such limitations. Fundamentally, the Court lion's share concluded that the security of the general populace of the US was a higher priority than maintaining the privileges of a solitary racial gathering, during this season of militaryâ emergency. Nonconformists in the Court, including Justice Robert Jackson, contended that Korematsu had carried out no wrongdoing, and along these lines there were no reason for confining his social equality. Robert additionally cautioned that the greater part choice would have significantly more enduring and conceivably harming impacts than Roosevelts official request. The request would probably be lifted after the war, yet the Courts choice would build up a point of reference for preventing rights from securing residents if the current powers that be decide such activity to be of dire need.â Centrality of Korematsu v. US The Korematsu choice was critical on the grounds that it decided that the United States government reserved the option to bar and persuasively move individuals from assigned regions dependent on their race. The choice was 6-3 that the need to shield the United States from secret activities and other wartime acts was a higher priority than Korematsus singular rights. Despite the fact that Korematsus conviction was in the end toppled in 1983, the ​Korematsu administering concerning the formation of prohibition orders has never been overturned.​​ Korematsus Critique of Guantanamoâ In 2004, at 84 years old, Frank Korematsu documented an amicus curiae, or companion of the court, brief on the side of Guantanamo prisoners who were battling against being held as adversary soldiers by the Bush Administration. He contended in his short that the case was â€Å"reminiscent† of what had occurred previously, where the administration too immediately removed individual common freedoms for the sake of national security.

Grendel as a Sympathetic Character Essay

Would you be able to envision being conceived and consequently being viewed as detestable? This is the thing that happens to Grendel. All through the book everyone’s emotions towards Grendel is that of an awful individual or animal. In Grendel my compassion toward Grendel changes. Grendel begins as a thoughtful character since he is a blameless inquisitive youngster with a mother who doesn’t talk, and lives in a cavern. As the story proceeds onward Grendel is misconstrued then begins to settle on choices that makes my compassion toward him decline. All through the book there are three phases to Grendels’ life. The main stage begins with his youth, which he spends investigating and addressing. He in the long run finds the pool of firesnakes and the land after it is first experience with a bigger world loaded with threat and information. The subsequent stage begins when a bull assaults Grendel; this instructs Grendel that the world is brimming with threat and makes him question the importance of life. Grendel attempts to make sense of the significance of life by seeing how people experience life and it intrigues him. While Grendel is caught and getting assaulted by a bull a few people mediate and see him caught. Grendel has a go at conversing with the people and request help, and out of nowhere they assault Grendel in light of the fact that they don't get him and dread him as a result of his appearance. Grendel’s mother acts the hero to spare her child. How might one be a beast yet be spared by his mom? This is a case of my compassion toward Grendel who is a misconstrued animal. Grendel in the long run perceives how Hrothgar treats different people and concludes that he doesn't care for what he does to them. He in the long run assaults the individuals in the mead corridor the entirety of the troopers, which causes me to lose compassion toward him however I could perceive any reason why he does it. It is an individual inclination Grendel has towards Hrothgar. Grendel is a character that experiences numerous phases all through the story, however to be conceived from insidious doesn't really make you malicious. He was only an inquisitive little animal who was still indulged by his mom before all else and afterward learns of people and doesn't care for the way that they treat one another and in the end is murdered by Beowulf.

Three Charged with Operating Fake Florida Payday Loan Calling Scam - OppLoans

Three Charged with Operating Fake Florida Payday Loan Calling Scam - OppLoans Three Charged with Operating Fake Florida Payday Loan Calling Scam Three Charged with Operating Fake Florida Payday Loan Calling ScamInside Subprime: Nov 12, 2018By Nikolas WrightThree Florida men are facing a federal indictment for allegedly posing as payday loan officers in a scam calling business intended to extort money from Americans.The indictment, filed on Oct. 24, accuses three men of running a call center in India used to defraud its victims. They’re also accused of posing as Internal Revenue Service agents.According to the Tampa Bay Times, India-based call centers would mislead U.S. residents to believe that the callers were payday loan officers. The callers would tell people they were eligible for fake payday loans.The scammers would also call about back taxes. The three have been charged with extortion and wire fraud. The U.S. Attorney’s office also charged two with aggravated identity theft and illegal monetary transaction.The men ran the scheme in Florida between 2014 and 2016. The fraudulent callers would call from India using pho ne numbers that appeared to be from the U.S. Payday loan scams aren’t uncommon, especially telemarketing fraud. Learn how to protect yourself from phone scams and other common forms of fraud.The men collected the fraud cash by:Withdrawing cash from prepaid cards bought and funded by victimsHiring other conspirators (runners) to retrieve money wired by the victims to those runnersHiring runners to open bank accounts into which victims deposited fundsPayday loans can be bad enough, even without the scammer component. With average interest rates of 400%, payday loans can take consumers’ checking accounts hostage. This puts consumers at risk of falling into the debt trap. Scammers’ attempts to defraud people add another concern to a financially strapped population who might be vulnerable to predatory lending in Florida and elsewhere.How can you tell if someone calling is a scammer? Look for these warning signs. If you ever get a phone call from someone offering free money, raise y our guard. Watch out for anyone asking for upfront fees, and be especially wary of anyone who doesn’t check your credit.Payday loans were in Florida’s headlines earlier this year. In March, Florida’s Gov. Rick Scott loosened regulations on payday lenders, making it easier for payday lenders to operate. The bill, known in the Florida Senate as SB 920, doubled the amount payday lenders can give out from $500 to $1000, and extended lending terms from 7-30 days, to 30-90 days. To learn more about payday lending in Florida, check out these related articles:Florida may ease regulations for payday lendersFlorida seniors may be hit hardest by new payday loan legislationTo combat predatory lenders, banks may offer a safer choiceFor more information on scams,  payday loans  and  title loans, check out all of our  state-by-state Financial Resource Guides  including Florida and  Jacksonville,  Miami  and    TampaVisit  OppLoans  on  YouTube  |  Facebook  |  Twitter  |  LinkedInFlorida men charged with operating fake payday loan calling scam

French Verb Conjugation for Briller (to Shine)

To shine in French is the verb  briller. It is an easy one to remember if you associate it with brilliant, as in give it a brilliant shine.   When you want to change  briller  to the past tense -- or the present or future, for that matter -- you will need to conjugate the verb. French students who have studied other verbs that end in -er  will find this lesson very familiar. Conjugating the French Verb  Briller First, a quick review of pronunciation. Keep in mind that the double LL sounds like a Y when it follows an I. Rather than the hard L sound of [briller], it is pronounced [breeyer]. This follows through to all of the verb conjugations. Briller  is a  regular -ER verb  and that makes it relatively straightforward. The verb endings that replace the -er  follow a specific pattern. For example, in  je  future tense, an  -ai  is added to  briller  and in je  imperfect past tense, the -er  becomes -ais. You will find this in similar verbs like  blesser  (to hurt) and  augmenter  (to raise). That makes each new verb just a little easier to learn. The chart lays out the primary forms of  briller  for you to study. To use it, pair the subject pronoun with the appropriate tense. For example, I shine is je brille and we will shine is nous brillerons. Brillers Present Participle When you want to use the  present participle  of briller, drop the -er  and add an -ant.  This gives you the word brillant. Did you notice the resemblance to brilliant? The present participle is where we get the correlation that can help with memorization. Another Past Tense of  Briller The past tense of  briller  can be expressed using the imperfect or the  passà © composà ©. For the latter, you will use the  past participle  brillà ©Ã‚  as well as the conjugate of  avoir, which is an  auxiliary verb. As an example of the completed passà © composà ©, I moved becomes jai brillà © and we moved is nous avons brillà ©. Note how  ai  and  avons  are conjugates of  avoir  and  brillà ©Ã‚  does not change with the subject. More Simple Conjugations of  Briller There may be times in your French that you will use one of the following verb forms of  briller. The subjunctive and conditional are used when the action has some uncertainty to it. The passà © simple and imperfect subjunctive are primarily found in literature and when youre writing. When you want to use  briller  in short commands or requests, you can turn to the imperative verb form. For this one, skip the subject pronoun and say only the verb: brille rather than tu brille.

Exploring A Career On Human Resources - 1379 Words

Jennifer Yeung LLD 100A Mon/Wed Professor Barney 10/19/14 Word Count: 1469 Final Draft Discipline Investigation Exploring a career in Human Resources Introduction For my discipline investigation paper, I interviewed a Human Resources Manager (HRM) named Stephanie Russo. Growing up, I always knew I wanted a career in business but had no idea which aspect I wanted to focus on. I began my studies at San Jose State University as an International Business Major then declared Business Management. After taking several human resource (HR) classes, I discovered that I liked the well-defined functions and task of the HR department. With no ambiguity, everything had an order, a policy and a procedure. As a junior, I am still uncertain of which†¦show more content†¦Stephanie has cognitional, social, emotional, and intuitive skills from watching and caring for young children. The requirements needed before entering the field of HR is experience in interpersonal relationships. Stephanie has experience in building personal and work relationships with a diverse group of people in her community. Stephanie mentions that before entering into a â€Å"people oriented† job, it is important to know how to be an active listener. According to the United States Department of State, active listening is defined into four steps: seek to understand the message, being non-judgmental, giving undivided attention, and silently acknowledging the individual without interrupting. (State.gov). Stephanie touches on another skill: emotional intelligence. In the article â€Å"What Makes a Leader?† author Daniel Goleman describes emotional intelligence as having â€Å"self-awareness, self-regulation, motivation, empathy, and social skills.† (Harvard Business Review). Stephanie explains â€Å"when dealing with people, conflicts may arise and as a HRM it is also o ur job to be able to mitigate and provide solutions to problems.† Stephanie started in the field of HR when a position opened up with her current employer, Sun Shops Incorporated. Sun Shops had lost their HRM. Stephanie wasted no time and applied for the position. After several interviews with top management, she was offered the job under the completion of business courses at UCSC. This was her

Legal Supplement For Give You Fit Body Essay - 1273 Words

Legal Supplement To Give You Fit Body There is lot of questions about best human growth hormone supplement to lose weight and to build muscle in faster way. As a solution, people mostly prefer steroid supplement. It has proven to be dangerous and also often illegal. HGH supplements are safe and also legal. It is not only available for body builders. In order to use as a product to get rid of weight loss, a product needs to be safe. In this way, Genf20 plus has been lying as most competitive product. As this product is said to derive more benefits, its reviews are very nicely written. HGH supplements are free from actual hormones. They are designed with the aim as to increase the natural hormone production. Though more number of products is being available to achieve the same purpose, the method of preparation varies. HGH supplements are made up of natural herbs, not with chemicals. This will not come under the category of steroid. Its ingredients stay as the proof for it. In order to buy the product, doctor’s pres cription is not necessary. Benefits caused by this supplement may look similar to steroid based therapy. This benefits may be same, risks are not same as steroid. Filled With Useful Ingredients: The genf20 ingredients are effective and trusted. It is one of the most researched products which exhibit more benefits. It is not as same as product which is filled with normal sugar. It is really different from supplements which just give ingredients in the label. 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Strategic Management Accounting

Questions: 1.Without modern information systems, strategic management accounting would not be possible. Discuss.2.What is your opinion on Balanced Scorecards? Can you think of any other organization (except Toyota) that applies Balanced Scorecards? Answers: 1. Information systems are the software and hardware systems that organizations use to collect, analyze and dispatch data from one place to another (Grant, Hackney Edgar, 2009). Flow of information in an organization is an important aspect because everything else, may it be allocation of tasks, giving feedback, reviewing performance, presenting complaints and decision making is dependent on available data and information. Information systems are used in accounting to collect, store and process financial data. Since the role of accounting is providing financial information to be used by shareholders to make better business decisions, its role in strategic management is quite significant (Oz, 2009). Decision Making Making correct decisions regarding finances of an organization is quite important .Any wrong Decision made can cost an organization heavily. Information systems ensure that any decision made in an organization is dependent on the available data. This prevents making of wrong decisions (Rainer, 2008). Trend Analysis For an organization to carry out trend analysis on its expected business results, it has to be equipped with sufficient information. Information systems have inbuilt trend analysis tools that can generate the information that is needed to carry out trend analysis (Grant, Hackney Edgar, 2009). Competitive Advantage The desire of every organization is to compete favorably market and stay ahead of competitors. With strategic information systems a company can be able to acquire and sustain a competitive advantage in the market (Rainer, 2008). Implementation of Strategies While it is necessary to implement strategies that can improve business processes, checking them against results can be used to check if they have had positive or negative impact. Information systems provide financial data that is used in determining whether the whether the desired outcome has been achieved or if there is need for a corrective action to achieve targets (Oz, 2009). 2. Balanced score cards are strategic management and planning systems used in identification and management of businesses in-house functions as well as their consequential external outcomes. Balanced score card is concerned with projecting a companys future performance by focusing on its corporate governance, satisfaction of customers and companys business process (Niven,2008). Based on the above explanation, it can be said that balanced score cards plays a significant role in aligning businesses activities towards achievement of identified goals. This can be an effective tool for achieving corporate success, My take on this is that by correctly using scorecards business can record better performance. This is possible because, the system can enable an organization to identify its weak points and direct the necessary resources both human and capital, towards the identified weak points in order to improve its performance (Makhijani Creelman, 2011). Balanced scorecard can also be used by organizations to link their short term and long term goals to enable achieve long-term success .Each organization usually has its long term vision and strategy but unless this is translated into operational steps it might end up remaining a mere vision. Balanced score card can help an organization can help organizations to achieve long term goals by enabling translations of their visions into action plans into actions and helping them to plan appropriately (Kammerer,2013). Apart from Toyota, Wellsfargo also uses balanced scorecards in its operations. References: Grant, K., Hackney, R., Edgar, D. (2009). Strategic information systems management. Andover: Cengage Learning. Kammerer, M. (2013). Balanced scorecard - advantages and disadvantages. Place of publication not identified: Grin Verlag Ohg. Makhijani, N., Creelman, J. (2011). Creating a balanced scorecard for a financial services organization. Singapore: Wiley. Niven, P. R. (2008). Balanced scorecard step-by-step for government and nonprofit agencies. Hoboken, N.J: J. Wiley Sons. Oz, E. (2009). Management information systems. Boston, Mass: Thomson/Course Technology. Rainer, R. K. (2008). Introduction to information systems: Supporting and transforming business. Hoboken, N.J: Wiley.

Business Communication free essay sample

A good rate of ideas are exchanged between departments †¢ It encourages good communication between different departments †¢ Having group discussions allows a wide range of ideas from different experts to be considered †¢ The more ideas the more chance they will hit upon a great one The main disadvantages of horizontal communication are as follows: †¢ Due to the fact both departments may be of equal powers decisions are hard to come to †¢ Nobody has the overall say and final decision It can cause in-house fighting if differing opinions boil over †¢ One department may always have to check with another department before pushing anything through Advantages/Importance of upward communication: 1. Feedback: The major advantages of upward communication are, it provides feedback from the employees. As a result the communication loop (cycle) completes and management can realize the reactions of the employees. 2. Constructive idea: Upward communication allows the e mployees to inform their views regarding the implementation of company policies. We will write a custom essay sample on Business Communication or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page 3. Helps decision making: Through upward communication top management can know the views of flower level employees which help them to make more realistic decision. 4. Establishment of good relation: Upward communication brings executives and employees close to each other and accordingly mutual relationship developed. 5. Mutual trust: For the success of any sort of communication trust is an essential element. As relationship developed through upward communication mutual trust also created. 6. Enhance coordination: Opportunity to express own views and participation in the decision making enhance the level of coordination. 7. Motivation: The task of motivation needs two way communications between the concerned parties. Upward communication enables the executives to extend appropriate motivational measures. Disadvantages/Limitations of upward communication: 1. Reluctance: In some cases employees are reluctant to provide information through upward channel. 2. Non-cooperative attitude: Non-cooperative attitude to the executives damage the willingness of the employees to initiate upward communication. 3. Chance of distortion: Downward communication can be distorted unconsciously but in case of upward communication information can be distorted deliberately. . Trend to by-pass: Another side effect of upward communication is tendency of by passing the immediate boss, can be created among the employees. 5. Delay: Sometimes lower level employees hesitate to inform a problem upward because doing so means acceptance of failure. Thus delays may take place to decide whether to inform the top management or try further to solve the problem. advantages 1. increases efficiency 2. its appropriate for giving instructions 3. ensures that everyone is working towards goals and objectives disadvantages 1. info can be distorted as it goes down 2. nformation overload 3. lack of openness between managers and employees a. Contents of diagonal communication: This type of communication is common in tactical situations which require the quick transfer of information or advice; in hostage situations or cases of civil unrest, it is probably imperative. Diagonal communication is usually verbal and thus is conducted by telephone or radio. b. Advantages of diagonal communication: Diagonal communication has the following advantages: (1) It is a most direct method of communication. (2) It is a most selective method of communication. 3) It is one of the fastest methods of communication. (4) In critical situations, it would seem to be the most essential and logical type of communication. c. Disadvantages of diagonal communication: The major disadvantages of diagonal communication include the following: (1) It can destroy lines of authority and formal chains of command. (2) It can leave immediate superiors uninformed of what their subordinates are doing. (3) It can lead to conflicting orders and hence to further confusion. (4) It is usually verbal, and thus is untraceable if things go wrong.

Order and Anarchy, Freedom and Constraint essays

Order and Anarchy, Freedom and Constraint essays This movie is about a new and rebellious patient who is brought to a small mental institution where his actions endear the other patients to him and incur the wrath of the stern and repressive who runs their ward. I like One Flew over the Cuckoos Nest. From this movie, I could feel a kind of dignity, free spirit, rebellion, fear and hope. It is a story about rebellion over power and control, about how fear can make you to do what others tell you to do and how hope can change things around for you. The lead of the nurse, Nurse Ratched, presents power and fear. She is furious at McMurphy for defying her power and afraid of losing her control over all her patients. In the other hand, McMurphy, presents freedom and hope. He tries to teach the other patients how to live, by making them laugh, playing cards with them, wanting to watch baseball games on TV, organizing a fishing trip, bringing a prostitute to the ward and making a party in the hospital. One of what shock me most is Billys death. After the date with Candy, he has regained his confidence and cured his stammer. But he at last suicides, under the fear and force from Nurse Ratched. The other one is Chiefs escape. According to the Indian culture, one has a spirit which will separate from his flesh after death. Chief suffocated McMurphy, because he knows that McMurphy wouldnt want to live as a vegetable. So he kills him to let his spirit go with him, out of the nest. It seems that it is a victory for Nurse Ratched,. But indeed, McMurphy wins the battle. He has made Chief free and successfully resisted authority. ...

Underlying depression in orthopedic patients Essay

Underlying depression in orthopedic patients - Essay Example Depression in orthopaedic patient are overlooked and seldom treated because of the misconception that it will eventually recovered by the patient itself.Depression occurs not only in adult orthopaedic patients but with children as well. The purpose of this paper is to identify the role of nurses, doctors, and other healthcare providers in the orthopedic department with regard to how we identify depression, and what needs to be done to thoroughly recognize these cases and initiate the appropriate treatment. Identifying such issues is important because it is vital both to their recovery and to the healthcare provider. How do we effectively detect depression during the assessment and carry out proper intervention in treating their depression as well as their medical illness. As part of the patient safety goal campaign of Hoag Hospital, should we change how we systematically assess our patients at the bedside and routinely screen for depression and / or suicide These are the problems that we consider because of the severity of the case that it may lead if the depression in an orthopeadic patient will be taken for granted.There are researches and study that elderly recovering from an orthopaedic surgery is normal to experience depression. According to some doctors, some depressions are caused by some of the medicines they are taking; some are the non acceptance of their situation mostly in amputated legs or arms. According to Baker and Ashbourne of Children's Mental Health Ontario (2002) on e is considered to be depressed if they have the following symptoms: depressed appearance, anxiety, irritability and frustration, lack of interest, lack of cooperation, change in appetite and sleep patterns, weight loss and gain, loss of energy, withdrawal from family and friends and others. Patients are not aware that they are having the said depression resulting in the misconception of the doctors and medical staff that the patient is recovering. The physicians and other medical staff overlooked the fact that depression may originate from the lack of communication with the patient. Doctors and nurses are ignoring the fact that orthopaedic patient may have depression during recovery. Involved medical staff should be aware of the signs and symptoms of depression in order to prevent the further development of it. The older orthopaedic patient with depression usually experience severe pain thus prolonging their rehabilitation. There are also some factors from the situation of the orth opaedic patient that may cause their depression. Since surgery is usually costly they may have financial problems causing the patient to severe depression. The patient may tend to isolate themselves from others causing a great sadness that leads to depression. There are some cases wherein patient would have any complications such as diabetics causing the patient to feel helpless. These are the common factors that causing the orthopaedic patient to feel depressed. Solution Generation The first thing to do in treating depression in an orhtopedic patient, is understanding what is depression Herbalmedicine.com (2007) defined depression as a mood disorder that is often triggered by a chemical imbalance or stressful situations. People suffering from depression experience ongoing sadness, low energy, irritability and general disinterest in daily activities. Depression is a medical condition and should not be considered a personality flaw or weakness of character. It is best to determined first if the patient is having the said condition before admission in the rehabilitation ward. As the physician you must be aware of the possibilities that your patient might have this condition because of the signs and systems that is present in the patient's attitude. Usually depression is associated with

Salary packaging and Taxation Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5250 words

Salary packaging and Taxation - Essay Example Fringe benefits tax will apply to both Chris and his employer for this agreement during the FBT year that begins in 1st April 2011 up to 31st March 2012. Superannuation is money put in for a person's retirement. Strict government policy prevent untimely access to conserved benefits except in extremely limited and constrained circumstances, as well as severe financial adversity or on a compassionate basis, such as for medical cure not obtainable through Medicare. Usually, superannuation benefits are in three categories: conserved benefits; restricted non-conserved benefits; and unhindered non-preserved benefits. Mainly superannuation is concessionary taxed at a level charge of 15% at two key points: on contributions, and on salary. Capital Gain Tax inside the fund though is taxed at a charge of 10% if the properties held for longer than twelve months. Contributions whether in the type of employer superannuation, or associate salary sacrifice are levied at this rate. In the majority of the industry funds, the salary tax is paid prior to profits are disbursed to associates so it appears as a lesser level of interest on the worker’s statement. From the time when it was introduced, employers have been obligated to make compulsory contributions to superannuation in place of the majority of their workers. ... Superannuation contributions made by Chris are not treated as fringe benefits but as employer contributions. The initial contribution that Chris was making was $17,000. He however, decided to increase it by $15,000. This contribution has to meet three conditions, which are; it must be an arrangement before service there should be an agreement between West Gate Pty Ltd and Chris and Chris should not have an access to the sacrificed salary (Marsden, 2010). According to the Australian tax office ruling, the superannuation contributions are taxed in the superannuation funds such as 15% (Australian National Audit Office, 1999). West Gate Pty Ltd will therefore, pay the following amount in tax for contribution: 15/100 x $32,000 = $ 4,800 Chris has salary packaged other items apart from the superannuation contributions. The first item is a laptop that one of his children requires for school. It is worth $3,300. This is a fringe benefit for Chris. According to the Australian tax office rulin g S23, the tax is levied at 46.5% for the FBT year ending 31st March. West Gate Pty limited will pay the following amount for the benefit; 46.5% x $3,300 = $1,534.50 Under this, the income test will take into account the fringe benefit received. This fringe benefit is not included in the employee’s assessable income. The employer will be giving a benefit directly to a relative of the employee. Anything is accomplished by the employer in any agreement, arrangement or transaction so as to award any benefit upon any individual other than the member of staff, whether directly or obliquely. The benefit would have been taxed if it had been contracted to the employee. The next item that Chris has packaged is a new car. A taxable benefit is be

Can Parental Involvement be promoted effectively

Can Parental Involvement be promoted effectively This review aims to contemplate some of the fundamental issues that need to be addressed in order for schools to promote PI effectively. It starts by placing PI within a political and historical setting. It then discusses the difficulty in defining PI and how differing perceptions might actually pose as a barrier to promoting it effectively in schools. The review goes on to explore two theories/models of PI (Epstein, Hoover-Dempsey Sandler) which are thought to merit particular consideration in terms of schools developing a framework conducive to the effective promotion of PI. Communication is also discussed in order to highlight some of the basic issues in schools surrounding this area and some of the strategies that might enhance it. The review concludes that some of the language associated with PI can be ambiguous and therefore problematic due to the differing perceptions of meaning. It is important for schools, parents and pupils to all agree on a definition of terms and this is likely to be unique to every school. It is also suggested that in order for schools to promote participation effectively, it is best to have a framework in place which takes account of sociological and psychological factors regarding the agencies involved. The theories/models of Epstein and Hoover-Dempsey provide useful tools for schools in developing an individualised framework designed to accommodate the various dimensions associated with PI, including those advocated by the Scottish Government. However, care has to be taken so that frameworks do not become too pre-occupied with the goals of the school at the expense of the needs of pupils and parents. Successful PI depends largely on the level and type of communication between schools and homes. If schools do not seek to utilise strategies which enable deeper two way communication with parents then it is unlikely that any attempts to promote it will be effective in the long term. Rationale: The division between home and school was a very clear one, marked symbolically by the white line in the playground which parents were not expected to cross (Edwards Redfern, 1988, p.11). The white line symbolising a division between home and school is no longer visible in playgrounds, but does this legacy live on through what could be interpreted as a lack of commitment in schools towards building solid working relationships with all parents? The benefits of Parental Involvement(PI) in education are widely recognised and there is now consensus regarding a link between the above and positive student achievement (Desforges Abouchaar, 2003), with home involvement in particular thought to have the greatest impact (Desforges Abouchaar, 2003, Harris Goodall, 2007). Nevertheless, accounting for this knowledge, it could be said that many schools still struggle when it comes to creating and sustaining an environment which make parents feel part of the school community. Having experienced some time in schools as both parent and teacher, I have observed the difficulties a school faces when trying to promote the involvement of parents in school life, as well as the difficulties parents can face when trying to become accepted as part of the school community. I was a member of a parent school partnership for two years within my childrens primary school. Six was the highest number of parent members at any one time out of a school that had a roll of 350 children. I am also now a member of the Parent Council in my childrens secondary school and there are currently only seven parent members out of a school with a roll of 750 children. Although it is acknowledged that being involved in ones childs education does not have to include a presence in the classroom or being a member of a formal body, the above observations might make some question how effective schools are at promoting PI and if there is, in general, a lack of real commitment or understanding at a basic level, towards promoting and embedding it in whole school practice. My personal experiences in schools as both parent and student teacher have served to fuel my interest within this area of education. Indeed my involvement in my own childrens education has played a major factor in helping me find the confidence to return to higher education and embark on a teaching career. I have experienced firsthand how involving parents can be mutually beneficial for all concerned. I hope that my research into this area will further my own professional development by providing me with insight and knowledge for maintaining positive relationships with all parents as well as insight into how involvement can be promoted most effectively in primary schools. Introduction and Methodology Research, Government legislation and accountability are certainly some of the reasons why PI can no longer be regarded as token gesture and it could be said that schools are well versed on appropriate strategies for promoting it. Despite this, many still appear to struggle when it comes to developing and sustaining meaningful PI in practice as well as policy. Consequently, this raises the question: How can Parental Involvement be promoted effectively in primary schools? Within contemporary education there is an understanding that the word parent is taken to mean any person who has primary responsibility regarding the care of a child not necessarily the natural parents. (Education Act 1996).The above definition will therefore accommodate the word parent where used in this paper. The Scottish Government indicates a distinction between PI at school and PI at home and gives recognition to the fact that successful involvement is dependent on effective relationships between homes and schools (Scottish Executive 2006; SEED, 2006). For the purpose of this paper, the effective promotion of PI will therefore be taken to mean that schools maintain a degree of success in building meaningful relationships with parents whilst encouraging them to become involved in their childrens education both at school and at home. Accounting for demographics, socio-economic factors, cultural differences and individuality, what might be considered effective for one school promoting the involvement of parents might not be for another. Indeed it could be said that to apply a one size fits all approach is tantamount to denying children the right to be treated as individuals. Individual children have individual parents after all (Crozier, 2001). However, this review is based on the premise that there are basic matters relating to PI which are common to all schools and it is only by initially addressing such foundational matters that schools can begin to promote it effectively. The following review endeavours to give an insight into the above by highlighting various definitions and dimensions of PI, examining two influential theories and models, as well as exploring some of the issues surrounding communication. Some contemplation will also be given to addressing these issues in practice. Any literature that did not indicate relative information on the above was duly disregarded. The paper is informed by the review of selected national and international literature including: books, government documents, government policies, research papers and reports, previous literature reviews, and academic journal articles accessed via Athens. The literature has been sourced from libraries, internet searches, and searching databases such as ERIC, Informaworld and Emerald. Key words or phrases used were: Parental involvement Parental engagement Parent school partnerships Perceptions Home school communication Reference lists from relevant articles and books were also used to help refine searches and identify key experts and theorists within this field. Two experts whose names were recurring features in almost every search and reference list were the Americans, Epstein and Hoover-Dempsey. Their work was therefore probed further for this paper and it was decided it was applicable and indeed appeared to have been influential within the current Scottish PI context. Crozier was also identified as a notable British influence. Apart from outlining a history of PI, it was the intention to keep any literature as current as possible. However, one must account for the fact that there appears to have been a surge in the amount of interest and theories on PI during the late 1980s 1990s and as a consequence, this is the era where some of the important work regarding this area lies. Some of the theories and work put forward during this time still hold strong. Specifically, Epstein and Hoover-Dempsey appear to be continually referred to in even the most recent of literature. It has therefore been considered justifiable to include relevant literature, where appropriate, that may exceed the recommended 10 year threshold. Parental Involvement: A Historical Context Parental involvement within education has been emerging since the early twentieth century. Margaret McMillan, a Christian socialist, born in America to Scottish parents, was one of the first to highlight the importance of parental influence within education, especially in the early years (Fitzgerald, 2004). In the United Kingdom, PI was first given emphasis as a possible factor in the improvement of primary education by Lady Plowden (Fitzgerald, 2004). Her report was written on the basis of a review commissioned by the Central Advisory Council for Education in the 1960s, relating to children and their primary schools. In it, she set out numerous recommendations for enhancing education in England. For instance, she advocated that the individual child should be at the heart of an education system that promotes creativity and spontaneity. She also suggested that improving the relationship between parents and schools was a key element for progression (Central Advisory Council for Education, 1967). Although criticised by many at the time (Gillard, 2004), Browne suggests that this report was behind many of the aspects of PI which are still evident today. For example, school reports, choice regarding the schools that parents send their children to, parents evenings, PTAs (now replaced by paren t forums and councils in some countries) and school open days are all still common place (Browne Haylock, 2004). It could be said that many elements of her report appear to be evident today; guidance on the new Scottish Curriculum for Excellence also emphasises creativity, the importance of educating the individual child as a whole and the need for parents to be part of this process (Scottish Government, 2008). On a social level, the 1980s saw a shift within Western culture between professionals and everyday people. This resulted in the emergence of parents as consumers in education and schools were therefore destined to become accountable to parents as well as governments and local authorities. (Merttens et al., 1996).This is certain to have contributed towards the rising status of PI in Britain during the 1980s. However, on an educational level, Brown Haylock (2004) cite several research reports, within the area of reading specifically, as having a significant impact on attitudes towards PI at this time. Some of these reports include the Haringey Project (Tizard et al., 1982 cited in Brown Haylock, 2004)) and the Belfield Reading Project (Hannon Jackson 1987 cited in Brown Haylock, 2004). Both these reports (and similar studies) found that childrens reading achievement and motivation in school were likely to be higher when parents were involved in reading to their children as well as h elping with reading at home. Research such as this has ensured that the PI movement has been gaining momentum over the past few decades, helped by the agreement of Governments regarding the benefits associated with it. Parents in Scotland can also expect to be consulted as part of HMIE school inspections. International and National Policy Recent government strategies aimed at improving education in many countries are a reflection of how important PI is now perceived to be internationally. For example, Americas No Child Left Behind Act [ NCLB] highlights strengthening partnerships between schools and parents as a key component in its strategic plan to improve education ( US department of Education, 2001) as does The Schooling Strategy in New Zealand (Ministry of Education, 2005). The same year also saw the UK government release the white paper Higher Standards, Better Schools for All. It too emphasised the importance of schools communicating with parents (Her Majestys Government, 2005). Focusing on the Scottish context, this was just ahead of Scotlands Scottish Schools (Parental Involvement) Act 2006 which made it a legal responsibility of every education authority in Scotland to promote the involvement of parents in the education of their children (Scottish Executive, 2006).This act links to and builds on many other S cottish legislative policies. For example: The standards in Scotlands Schools Act (SEED 2000) and Education, (Additional Support for Learning) (Scotland) Act 2004 (Seed 2004) also give recognition to the important role parents can play in their childrens education. What is Parental Involvement? Parental involvement is a phrase that is generally used when referring to the role parents play in their childrens education. There appears to be no universal definition. It can mean different things to different people and this in itself may prove problematic for research and implementation. The current Scottish Government guidelines intonate that PI should include 3 specific dimensions: Learning at home, Home/school partnership, and Parental representation (Scottish Executive, 2006). Learning at home covers strategies to help parents to support their childrens learning and development at home. Home/school partnership is about promoting the idea of education being a shared responsibility and encouraging parents to engage with their childs school and education, and Parental representation is about ensuring that the views of parents are put forward and considered i.e. parent forums and councils (Scottish Executive, 2006). Harris Goodall (2007) argue that the phrase Parental Involvement constitutes little value in terms of helping improve education and raise achievement. They use the phrase Parental Engagement (PE) and see this as being distinct from involvement. They make the point that: Parental involvement can encompass a whole range of activities with or within the school, but if they are not directly connected to learning then they will have little impact on pupil achievement (Harris Goodall, 2007, p.6). If promoting PI effectively in schools were to be defined by the measurement of how successful it can be in improving student achievement alone then this point might be indisputable. However, as pointed out in Crozier (2000), it is a complex concept involving relationships, behaviours, actions and attitudes; therefore promoting it effectively in schools surely must take account of all 4 of the above. Although PI as defined by Harris Goodall may have little effect on raising student achievement (which is likely to be a desired result in most schools), they do concede that getting parents into the school is an important first step towards building positive relationships between the two parties (Harris Goodall, 2007). PI will therefore continue to be the general term used in this paper. Parents as Partners Much is made of the word partnership when involving parents in education. The Scottish Government, along with many other countries, advocates that schools should embrace parents as partners. However, one also has to be careful about the meaning of this word (Katyal Evers, 2007; Crozier, 2000; Crozier Reay, 2005). For some, the word partnership might suggest equal responsibility between parent and teacher regarding the education of children. This could be off- putting for parents; they may feel they lack the confidence and knowledge to assume such a role. For others partnership could suggest more power to parents and this could be off -putting for teachers ; they might feel that their professional status is under threat in some way (Crozier, 2000).Perhaps the definition of partnership suggested by Armstrong (1995) cited in Hodge Runswick-Cole (2008, p 638) is one for schools to consider within the context of promoting PI. Armstrong suggests that partnership should imply: Mutual res pect, complimentary expertise and a willingness to learn from each other. This seems to capture the essence that teachers are experts in education and parents are experts in their own children. In summary, the literature examined above appears to highlight ambiguity within some of the language associated with PI. This could perhaps be detrimental to any efforts to promote it effectively. A message common to all schools might be individual establishments need to think carefully about how they define this concept, in terms of what is legally expected of them, in terms of how it might be construed by parents and professionals, and in terms of what goals it is hoped will be achieved by promoting it. Two Theories There are many theories regarding PI; two in particular seem to have had major influence, remaining dominant in literature over the years. It is perhaps of no coincidence then that both appear to stand out as imploring specific relevance within the context of schools working effectively with parents. One seeks to explain parental participation mainly from a socio-ecological perspective and the other primarily from a psychological viewpoint. A Sociological Perspective Joyce Epstein, founder and now director of The National Network of Partnership Schools and the Centre for School, Family and Community Partnerships in America, is a leading figure in the field of PI and has produced a wealth of research- based literature. Epstein appears to focus on a socio-ecological approach which has links to Bronfenbrenners meso-system; relating to ecological theory and the interrelationships between children, peers, family and school (Bronfenbrenner, 1979, cited in Doherty Hughes, 2009). She argues that society has overlapping spheres of influence connected to education. These overlapping spheres of influence are within schools, families and communities (Epstein et al 2002). She puts forward the term school, family and community partnerships and emphasises the idea of education and socialisation being a shared responsibility between these 3 agencies. (Epstein et al 2002).Epstein sets out a comprehensive, multi-dimensional framework, highlighting six main types of PI: parenting, communicating, volunteering, learning at home, decision making, and collaborating with the community. Her book Schools, Family and Community Partnerships: Your Handbook for Action- gives detailed definitions of each type and the challenges that go with them [see Epstein et al. (2002) P 14-15] She suggests that categorising possible contributions in this way can help to accommodate all social circumstances, therefore allowing all parents to become involved in their childrens education (Epstein et al., 2002). On the other hand, it is unrealistic for all parents to want or be able to become involved in all six of these areas and Epstein advises schools of the need to tailor this paradigm in order to meet the individual goals and needs of the parents, pupils and schools. Epstein intonates that PI is likely to be more successful when promoted as part of a whole school initiative, in correlation with the goals of the school. For instance, if the goal of the school for a particular year is to improve achievement in maths, she recommends that any participation should be conducive to this goal. It could be said that this also helps to convey the message that parents are important and part of the school plan. She talks of an Action team of representatives involved in any partnership and recommends a yearly review of goals. In Scottish schools, it might make sense to try and tie this in with any existing parent councils. There is, however, research (Henderson Mapp, 2002) which shows formal PI is likely to include middle class parents, with working class parents more inclined to be involved at home. The Henderson Mapp study focused on a sample of American parents but nonetheless, these results might question the extent of which parent councils in Scotland are representative of the diversity in Scottish society. The Scottish Government has perhaps tried to address this issue by making all parents automatic members of a Parent Forum, allowing them to approach the Parent Council at any time to raise concerns regarding school issues. However, there appears to be no studies in Scotland at the moment attempting to find out if all parents are satisfied with the Parent Forum/Council set up. This may be an area for further research within Scottish schools. This said, Epsteins theory and model appears to be consistent with Scottish Government guidelines on PI. Despite the fact that it is written by an American and therefore more likely to be aimed at American Policy, it does seem to promote the aspects involvement that have been emphasised in the Scottish Parental Involvement Act (Learning at home, Home/school partnership and Parental representation), it does give emphasis to partnerships with parents and community as advocated by CfE (Scottish Government, 2008) and it does seem to be adaptable to the differing goals and interpretations surrounding PI. A Psychological Perspective Hoover- Dempsey Sandler (1997) whilst acknowledging the impact of social interactions, highlight a psychological perspective.They conducted a study into why parents become involved (or not) in their childrens education; three psychological constructs are identified. The first is parents role construction: this takes account of what parents actually believe their role should be in their childrens education, including activities and time spent with their children learning. The authors suggest that this is likely to have been influenced by parents own experiences of school and how involved their parents were. The second is parents sense of efficacy: this is defined as the extent to which parents believe they can make a difference to the outcome of their childs achievement by being involved in their education. (Hoover-Dempsey Sandler, 1997) It could be argued that school-based practice can make a difference to negative attitudes by educating parents about the benefits of contributions. A study, carried out by the Scottish Executive in 2005, found that Scottish parents were happy to maintain a supporting role in their childrens education and felt that it was the teachers who should have the principal role. However, it also concluded that many parents were unaware of the potential positive impact their involvement could have on their childrens education. They may also often be unaware of schools expectations of them regarding involvement issues such as homework (Deslandes Rousseau, 2007). Perhaps if parents were more aware of their potential impact and of what schools expect, they might be inclined to want more involvement. Maybe in order to promote PI effectively, schools need to try harder in attempting to get this message across to all parents. This is consistent with be the view of Harris Goodall (2008) who ask the question Do parents know they matter? They concluded the above article by stating that effective parental involvement will not happen unless: Pare nts know the difference that they make, and unless schools actively reinforce that all parents matter. (Harris Goodall, 2008, p.287). Finally, the third construct identified by Hoover-Dempsey and Sandler is: general invitations, demands and opportunities for involvement.This relates to how parents perceive their involvement to be wanted by the school and the child. (Hoover-Dempsey Sandler, 1997). Although the attitude of parents towards the school is very important to the successful promotion of PI, schools should not underestimate the influence of the attitude of the school towards parents. They need to attempt to reach out to all parents and provide opportunities for involvement. This theory/model stresses the need to consider the beliefs and attitudes of individual parents and the roles they construct for themselves .The model was revised in 2005 and identified a need for a distinction to be made between PI at home and PI in school when considering the above. (Green et al., 2007).The Scottish Government also appears to acknowledge this distinction (Scottish Executive, 2006), indicating that schools should promote involvement at home and at school, in an attempt to accommodate the roles that parents feel most comfortable with. Differing perceptions The above serves to highlight what might be seen as a criticism of Epsteins framework. It could be said that although her theory provides a very useful model for participation, which promotes a multi-dimensional approach, it could be interpreted as being very school focused and perhaps does not pay enough attention to the needs and perspectives of parents or how they perceive their role within the school and their childrens education. Barge Loges (2003); Lawson, (2003); Poulou Matsagouras (2007) and Harris Goodall (2008) all give emphasis to the differences in perceptions of PI between teachers, students and parents. While most studies found that all parties agree it is important that parents are involved in childrens education, Lawson (2003) concluded that the ideas of what this involvement should entail were significantly different. Crucially, Barge Loges warn of the dangers of assuming that all parties are on a par as far as parents and involvement is concerned and point out t hat: The differences among these groups expectations can influence the success of implementing parental involvement programmes, (Barges Loges, 2003, p.142).Some might say that this points to a need for individual schools to adopt a collegiality approach and engage in discussion and collaboration with parents, teachers, and students where appropriate, about the goals of the school and expectations of any PI policy or activity. Communication Experts agree communication is critical to the success of PI (Epstein et al. 2002; Desforges, 2003; Hughes Greenhough, 2006; Harris Goodall, 2007; Katyal Evers 2007) and there are many issues surrounding it. It is beyond the parameters of this paper to even attempt to address them all. However, while maintaining a focus on basics, it is thought the following is pertinent to promoting PI effectively in primary schools. Before going any further, it might be useful to consider the meaning of communication. Katyal Evers (2007) acknowledge the complexity of this word with regards to interpretation. It can simply mean: the giving or exchange of information, signals or messages or on a deeper level it needs to account for: the effect the message has on the receiver (Berger 1995 cited in Katyal Evers, 2007, p.67). It could be said that all schools need to contemplate the latter if PI is to be promoted effectively. Superficial communication is unlikely to instil the trust or mutual respect that is required for building solid relationships. Hughes Greenhough (2006) found that schools on the whole are good at giving information to parents regarding activities and events but are less inclined to ask for parental perspectives or opinions. They compare their findings with the views of Hallgarten. He intonated that information in schools was designed to: Increase the flow of information from school to home rather than promote communication between home and school (Hallgarten 2000 cited in Hughes Greenhough, 2006 p. 472).This is suggestive of a lack of regular two-way communication; perhaps indicating that strategies enabling information from homes to be communicated to the school are not being considered enough. Katyal Evers (2007), point out that teachers may gain valuable information, about their pupils, by communicating with parents in informal situations. It could be said that in order for this to happen, teachers need to give parents the impression that they are approachable and available; they have to be visible. He nce, a simple strategy might be for teachers to spend 5 or 10 minutes in the playground before and after school. Once or twice per week could be enough to initiate some valuable two-way communication with parents .Some schools also hold parent breakfasts which the head or deputy attend. This also promotes 2-way communication in a more informal setting which makes the management team visible to parents. A decade into the 21st century and some might say it is imperative that schools consider the use of technology to promote communication and involve parents. Clay (2005) stresses the importance of teachers moving with the times and finding ways of integrating the use of technology to communicate with parents. She cites school web sites, interactive home-work web pages, phone calls, online learning plans and digital portfolios as ways of keeping parents informed using technology. The Scottish Government also appears to see the potential in using technology to enhance communication with parents and Her Majestys Inspectorate of Education (HMIe) identifies this as good practice within the glow ICT initiative starter pack (HMIe, 2010). Glow is a new ICT initiative in Scotland, forming a national intranet that will help with the implementation of Curriculum for Excellence. The pack notes indicate that the use of glow has: real potential for improving home-school communication..and, most imp ortantly, allowing greater parental involvement in their childrens learning. A future area of research within PI in Scotland could therefore involve determining the scale of impact glow has had on improving PI in schools. Of course an ethical consideration would have to be that not all parents have access to a computer. As parents develop busier lifestyles, and at a time when teachers also appear to struggle to find the time to do all that needs doing, Graham-Clay (2005, p 123) cites a valid point made by Brewer Kallick, (1996): Technology also holds promise to allow teachers communication opportunities not limited by school hours or location. Perhaps, most noteworthy for the effective promotion of PI, Graham -Clay also warns of the need to: retain a human touch. Conclusions It is hoped that this review has offered a fundamentalist view on how PI can be promoted more effectively in schools. PI is multi-dimensional in nature and should be guided by the needs of individual schools, parents and pupils, as well as research and government legislation. What is therefore deemed to be effective for one school working with parents may not be for another. It is accepted that this review is perhaps critically limited due to the above, as well as the fact that the criteria surrounding it (set word count) did not make it possible to address the wide array of more sophisticated factors (such as cultural differences, language barriers and socio-economic status) that can impact on efforts to include parents. Whilst recognising the above, the paper took the stance that there are however, basic matters regarding PI which demonstrate commonality in all schools and it is often said that attending to the basics is the key to success. Agreement between all parties concerned, regarding a definition of PI and the roles within it, could be considered a fundamental issue in promoting it effectively. With regards to defining it, the review indicates that schools need to consider that it c

Social Criticism in The Yellow-Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman

Social Criticism in The Yellow-Wallpaper by Charlotte Perkins Gilman Traditionally, men have held the power in society. Women have been treated as a second class of citizens with neither the legal rights nor the respect of their male counterparts. Culture has contributed to these gender roles by conditioning women to accept their subordinate status while encouraging young men to lead and control. Feminist criticism contends that literature either supports society’s patriarchal structure or provides social criticism in order to change this hierarchy. â€Å"The Yellow Wallpaper†, by Charlotte Perkins Gilman, depicts one women’s struggle against the traditional female role into which society attempts to force her and the societal reaction to this act. From the beginning of this work, the woman is shown to have gone mad. We are given no insight into the past, and we do not know why she has been driven to the brink of insanity. The â€Å"beautiful†¦English place† that the woman sees in her minds eye is the way men have traditionally wanted women to see their role in society. As the woman says, â€Å"It is quite alone standing well back from the road†¦It makes me think of English places†¦for there are hedges and walls and gates that lock, and lots of separate little houses for the gardeners and people. There is a delicious garden! I never saw such a garden—large and shady, full of box-bordered paths, and lined with long grape-covered arbors with seats under them.† This lovely English countryside picture that this woman paints to the reader is a shallow view at the real likeness of her prison. The reality of things is that this lovely place is her small living space, and in it she is to func tion as every other good housewife should. The description of her cell, versus the reality of it, is a very good example of the restriction women had in those days. They were free to see things as they wanted, but there was no real chance at a woman changing her roles and place in society. This is mostly attributed to the small amount of freedom women had, and therefore they could not bring about a drastic change, because men were happy with the position women filled. This creates a despair, of hopelessness and of downheartedness. The woman, on multiple occasions, wrote down, â€Å"And what can one do?† This lets the reader know that women as a whole were very oppressed in ... ...er rebellion. In the final moments of this story, the woman’s husband returns to see her. She writes, â€Å"He stopped short by the door. ‘What is the matter?’ he cried. ‘For God’s sake, what are you doing!’ I kept on creeping just the same, but I looked at him over my shoulder. ‘I’ve got out at last,’ said I, ‘in spite of you and Jane. And I’ve pulled off most of the paper, so you can’t put me back!’ Now why should that man have fainted, but he did, and right across my path by the wall, so that I had to creep over him every time!’† This final passage shows that, when this woman rebels, and â€Å"escapes the wallpaper†, it is not highly looked upon. The woman made a power statement, by telling her husband that she had, in essence, found a new role in life, and he can not push her back. When he can not handle her actions, she continues her new ways right over him. In conclusion, this story, â€Å"The Yellow Wall-Paper†, provided a great social and psychological criticism. It shows the reader how women have progressed so far in the recent years. This woman was the start of many, which finally led to making men and woman more equal, and this is the society that this woman wanted.

Movies Realism Literature Review

INTRODUCTION Cinemas are the central spot of people’s visual entertainment, acting as the medium between the art of movie directors and the audiences seeking the getaway from real world reality. It is at the cinema where people enjoy themselves by watching movies that they may find interesting initially regardless of the language, locality or storyline, as long as that one particular movie is intriguing enough to make them go to the cinema to get their movie-o-meter filled with appealing crafts from many directors. The cinemas as they are today are far significantly different from what they used to be decades ago, as this highly profiting business has been going on since the 1850’s, particularly originated in England to be the first in public screening, although the first use of movie projection is unknown. However, putting aside the revolutionary cinema technology, one good movie is mostly contributed by the production team dedication and hard works. It should not matter if a movie is less use in impressive CGI since a ‘plain’ movie but with proper cast and content, it could match with a movie rich in the technology. This kind of good content or storyline is another factor that has been influencing both the production to create such movie which is poor in fake yet astounding visual appearance but to pursue more on the content largely. It has also been observed that a good movie needs good script or dialogue other than the casts, for instance _V for Vendetta_ (2005), it did have a few scenes in CGI but the real strength behind the success of this movie was the dialogue, its great casts and the political theme. The mentality of the locals towards Malaysian made movies has always been criticized by Malaysians ourselves; however the irony is despite the constant claim of Malaysians that they could tolerate Malaysian movies, this phenomenon still exists, where people especially the research subject, Malaysian audiences, stand on this issue of the reasons they ditch local most local movies as unrealistic in contrast to its crux of escaping reality. Often in newspapers and mass media people could be seen writing to editors on how disappointed they were in local movies direction but praised the realism aspect on foreign movies, especially of Hollywood. The reason movies or any other forms of visual entertainment were created was to add some unrealistic factor based on the ‘reality’ of the world outside the movie, since the movie production cannot make money if they just simply show what the audiences have gone through every day in their lives, nothing of new and fresh that could catch the attention of the audiences. This research is anticipated to know why such paradox exists among the local viewers particularly, or something about the mentality of Malaysian audiences. When this peculiarity is triggered, there are parties affected definitely. The obvious impact would be on production companies, with very narrow focus on local market itself, these production companies would not be able to sustain longer given that this ‘sentiment’ goes on. It is obvious enough since when there is lack of support and interest, plus the unfair discernment by the Malaysians, the companies have no other way than to close down production, or face far worse condition of bankruptcy. It is not just the companies that would have to shut down, but indirectly the actors and actresses would have to start over something new to accommodate their lives, the fortunate enough to have backup form of income could still survive, but the bigger impact is the industry will be crumbled, as the industry has never been given a chance to prove that Malaysian movies could evolve and change the mindset of Malaysians in the first place. Secondly, local TV companies would also face difficulties and humongous expense to procure foreign TV contents more to cater the hankering of viewers, as well as to fill in the absence or the sheer lack of local movie content. The negativity cycle continues to Malaysian government policy of foreign content, with this much impact slowly influencing the mindset of people, government will require thorough amendment of its policy to curb the foreign content while preserving the local one, as although this phenomenon is still not chronic, however it is best to fear and prepare for the worst. Although the process of obtaining past researches on similar phenomenon yields nothing, hence this research is believed to be pioneer in digging deeper into this peculiarity. However, it is mostly understood that some variables, or the causing factors are such like age, education, place of living, influence of significant others, different subcultures, and as well as level of exposure to foreign movies and online reviews. Initial observation (pre research) shows that people living in cities are more susceptible to this phenomenon, most possibly due to the flooding of foreign movies that are relatively better than local movies in general, may be reinforced by the pressure of others into forming a typical mentality. The Phenomenon Exactly like previously mentioned, the peculiarity that triggered the research in the first place was what causes the incongruity of denying local movies as realistic while at the same time concurring how realistic foreign movies are on the same basis that movies are not supposed to be real. There is no problem with the ticket sales or revenues of local movies, since local movies do receive high gross profit in local market, for instance Cicakman,, a hero-fantasy movie scored RM6. 7 million while still in the same movie theme, Spiderman scored USD 2. 1 million in Malaysian market, of course it is not fair to compare the fan base but this proved that there is no problem with the behavior of Malaysian viewers, but the perception of the people. In simpler meaning, they do watch local movies but constantly undervalue every factor available in regards to foreign movies, and this research is meant to discover the plausible sources. Depende*nt Variable In determining what dependent variables of this research are going to be, firstly it is important to identify what kind of approach the research is going to be conducted, and since the topic is planning to digging up the mind or stigma of people, hence perception approach is the correct channel to analyze the Malaysians mentality on whether they find local movies are not realistic compared to foreign movies. Therefore it is obvious that the perception or mindset of the local Malaysians is the subject issue, which is ultimately the dependent variables that would be affected at the end of the cycle of factors. A perception is the result of many surrounding elements or influencing factors, whereby it is like a blank canvas ready to be painted with the colors of perceived reality affecting the mindset. Hence, it is ironic that for a movie watcher to have biased insight against the local movies escaping reality nature, but what is wryer than that is through initial observation of this phenomenon; some people do not have this stigma and because of that it further strengthens our decision of making the perception of audience as the dependent variable where it will see changes when any independent variable is put as a trigger or cause. The perception of audience is also identified to be the dependent variable due to the fact that they live in Malaysia, which are supposedly giving them the familiarity of the culture that is incorporated into the local movies, and since it is a psychology phenomenon we cannot directly measure one’s mind but we can measure up the extent or the spread of this particular perception of movie audience. With all the rationale it is then decidedly that we are going to use the perception of audience as the dependent variable that changes accordingly to the identified independent variables to get us closer to the ‘reality’ of the research topic. Independent Variables As mentioned earlier, there are forces that act behind the shadow of the dependent variable which was the perception of unrealistic local movies among audience. There is not only one but many credible elements that manipulate the outcome in various ways when these independent variables are put in motion to exploit the results in diversified changes. The factors below are notified to be of the most significant variables that could show momentous variety outcome on the dependent variable. ?Flooding of Foreign Movies Undeniably the ratio of foreign movies in Malaysia has significantly overshadowed the locally made movies. There is no restriction only to Hollywood movies, but lately many more movies from all over the world such as Middle Eastern, Bollywood, European, Hong Kong and Japan gets the attention of movie distributors in dispersing the foreign movies here in Malaysia. Judging from the overall movie titles per month basis, locally made movies, be it Malay, Tamil or Chinese movies are still on the minority scale compared to the available foreign titles which make up most of the showing list. With this much flooding of foreign movies that does not halt its presence here in Malaysia throughout the whole year, Malaysians are served with these foreign movies especially of Hollywood (being the most popular), therefore it is definitely a crucial factor to count in the ‘excess’ of the foreign movies may contribute to the perception of Malaysians that local movies are nowhere as realistic to foreign movies. ?Influence of Friends There is no single person on earth can stand loneliness hence the very reason why they need company. Friends do indeed play the most significant role of shaping the not only attitude but also the large percentage of perception pattern. Studies show that the influence of friends often surpassed the influence expressed by family members particularly during the age of adolescent; afterwards it would be a mixture of many factors. People also shares more secrets with their friends, so in this case people will be frequently affected by their friends’ mindsets to envision and share common view on a particular movie, as the one that people go and watch movies together are with friends. It is important to keep one’s insight perhaps on any significant issue in line; therefore resulting in strong and impenetrable wall of perception on whatever issue that they agree on, and it could be unintentionally in the beginning but the effect of the ‘friendship’ especially brotherhood-like bond will be concreting their perception on local movies realism. ?Pre-nurtured Stigma of Superior Others As citizens of a country that has gone through many colonial rules since half a millennium ago starting with Portuguese in Malacca in 1511, Malaysians (Malayans before independence) had always been conquered both physically and internally. These conquerors proved that they were not only superior in military and firepower technology, but also they left the impression that we the natives of our land could never stand on par with them in everything including culture, deeply tainted within our ancestors’ perception. Unfortunately this stigma has been ancestrally passed down from one generation to another and even now some Malaysians do still consider the grass of the other side to be greener. Although it sounds general but this perception is strong enough to be identified as one of the factors that could cause dissimilarities in the dependent variable as they watch and analyze a movie through a programmed way of thinking although it is full of preconception. ?Technology Used in Movies Realistic is commonly defined as â€Å"aware or expressing awareness of things as they really are†, and if we are to follow this version of realistic then the technological aspect in a movie plays extremely important role to influence the perception of viewers. The technology of CGI and lately the assimilationof three dimensional perspectives have caught the wows and awes of audience. The main point in taking the technological aspect of movies is since foreign movies magically make something that was not there to appear, in other word, fake but are considered as realistic, then do the ‘low’ technological local movies that do not go through this process of faking things out awkwardly being regarded as unrealistic? As weird as it may sound, this is what makes the technology used in movies as an altering factor that could shift the mentality of viewers that local movies are not realistic out of the stable axis. The burden of a movie success is not just lying on the shoulders of the actor and actresses alone but a movie is the child of a director therefore it is the responsibility of a director to make sure the overall quality of the movie is intact. A movie direction is the result shown by the combined talent, skills and hard works of the production team including the casts, crews and producers. Bad leadership and directing by a director will ultimately summon dissatisfaction from the viewers and critics, for example. With this principle it is not surprising that it gets to be one of the factors that influence our dependent variable. Research Objective Who is not attracted to the animating pictures projected on a huge, wide silver screen and watch our imagination gets flashed on the screen? The world nowadays has changed drastically that entertainment is not only limited to the words written on paper, also not the television series nor movies, but it has expanded close to once before science fiction. Entertainment can be defined as a diverting activity that holds the attention of the people. Entertainment by itself holds wide definition so it is wise to peg down to a smaller scale of business aspect, since movies or films is a shell containing motion pictures to be viewed purely as a medium of art in the bigger entertainment industry. Mankind has studied many things that are intriguing enough to them, either just for entertainment or educational purpose, and throughout the times academicians have regarded movie industry as a legit study field that provides the opportunity to examine the elements of movies or films. The ever expanding cinema or Cineplex has turned motion pictures as one of the most profitable entertainment industry especially in Hollywood, which is the pioneer in almost any new film technology. Digital format has taken the place of analogue film technology and the changes can be immediately seen, hardly nowadays a cinema used roll-film and viewers had to experience the visual scratch anymore since cinema projectors had switched to a digital video projection as well as cleverly stimulated surround sound. Every moment passes the scenes of movie industry is changing, one second next will be different than one second before, as the entertainment industry especially in the movies form will keep on evolving to cater people needs. Research Questions _Is the flooding of foreign movies causing a person to have biased perception on local movies? _ Through this question we could get a more in-depth idea on the relationship between the foreign movies invasion on Malaysian shores and its impact on the perception of Malaysians. This question is remarkable since there are people who think of local movies are more realistic than foreign movies, despite the fact that Malaysian cinemas are constantly showing foreign titles more than local movies. It is important to relate the over exposure of foreign movies inclusive of the reviews and other promotional attempts with the impact on the viewers so we could assess the depth or extent of these two variables. Does influence of friends affect the mindset of Malaysians to underestimate realism of local movies? Friendship ‘forces’ a person in that circle to behave, think and perceive things on the same line with very minimal deviation. It is no wonder what friend factor could influence one’s perception, and this is why it is beneficial to know how far do friends play their parts to mold each other by ‘imposing’ a general idea that is to be shared by the circle, or in the process there is a possibility that the impact is backed up by other hidden factors, unseen until they strike. We will be able to find out whether the question will bring us closer to yes or no by analyzing the answers from the samples during the research. Does the stigma of ‘superior others’ instilled prematurely impose biased perception on local movies? As mentioned previously under independent variables, it is widely known that even though through words Malaysians may deny that they do not think outsiders are always ahead of us, but their behaviors may tell otherwise and perhaps describe the true perception. Therefore, we would measure how far this one particular stigma is affecting the phenomenon we are trying to study. The caustic remark is too great to be cast aside since realistic factor in local movies can never be as close as o those of foreign movies according to the phenomenon, but by obtruding our definition of the nature of movie which is as an escape to real world, is not it supposed to be otherwise? Is the perception of realistic factor of local movies shaped by the technology used in movies? The evolution in cinema technology has always started outside of Malaysia, thus one of the reasons why there is not m uch newer technology used in local movies. However, is there any basis in theorizing a movie is not realistic when it does not use sophisticated technology? If there is, will it be affecting whether people like the movie or otherwise? This question should be tackled since most viewers; in particular the Malaysian viewers do not have the ability to analyze movies from education and artistic aspect, but often lay opinion based on what they see with naked eyes, which should conform its nature of entertainment. Does director’s proficiency have any impact on what people think of realism factor of local movies? Just like the casts, directors do have their own fans and followers who support them in their career, and just like the actor and actresses also, the industry appreciate and recognize directors’ contribution as the most important aspect of movie success. Their skills differ thus the reputation they have been building is identified as one of the question on whether they do take tolls on people perception of local movies to be deemed as not realistic enough, satirically going against escapism core purpose of watching movies. Reference Perception. In Wikipedia. Retrieved February 22nd, 2010 from http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Perception Dictionary. com (2010, February 22nd). Perception – Define Perception at Dictionary. com Retrieved from http://dictionary. reference. com/browse/perception Internet. om (2010, February 26th) What is Movie Mode? Retrieved from http://www. webopedia. com/TERM/m/moviemode. html_ BoxOffice Mojo, (2010, February 26th). Species (1995). Retrieved from http://www. boxofficemojo. com/movies/? id=species. htm BoxOffice Mojo (2010, February 26th). Species II Retrieved from http://www. boxofficemojo. com/movies/? id=species2. htm BoxOffice Mojo (2010, February 28th). Spider-Man (2002) International Box Office Results Retrieved from http://www. boxofficemojo. com/movies/? page=intl&id=spiderman. tm Intro2u Blog (2010, February 28th). Cicakman 2 Retrieved from http://www. intro2u. net/new/2008/08/cicakman-2/ Syed Ali, Syed Azwan, (2010, March 3rd). Local Film Industry Moving Ahead Retrieved March 4th, 2010 from Bernama website http://www. bernama. com/bernama/v5/newsfeatures. php? id=479303 M. Varkevisser, Corlien; Pathmanathan, Indra; and Brownlee, Ann (2003). Formulation of Research Objectives, Designing and Conducting Health System Research Projects, (Module 6) Retrieved from http://www. idrc. ca/en/ev-33011-201-1-DOTOPIC. html_

Childhood Obesity And Its Effects Essay - 1782 Words

Childhood obesity has increased drastically over the past years and has become a high health risk to children. In fact, childhood obesity has doubled in numbers in the past thirty years (Childhood Obesity Facts). Obesity occurs when an individual becomes overweight and doctor’s diagnose a patient by using the body mass index or BMI scale. Obesity causes many diseases in children which cannot be cured without a doctor, in result, childhood obesity drives high health care costs. Since little effort has been put forward to prevent childhood obesity the existence of this disease has begun to skyrocket in numbers. The number of children who suffer from obesity have greatly increased over the years so, people have to come up with a solution to prevent obesity. However, it will take more than just one solution to prevent childhood obesity, it will take many. Without the prevention of obesity future generations could be in serious trouble with health issues. Childhood obesity should b e prevented by showing the youth that healthy will benefit them in life, therefore, parents start by guiding children in the correct direction with their eating habits, limit their fast food intake, and fight the market for unhealthy foods so that children are not exposed to unhealthy options. The rising numbers of childhood obesity benefits the health care system because with obesity comes many doctors visits, and many doctors visits come with plenty of money spent in the health care system.Show MoreRelatedThe Effects Of Obesity On Childhood Obesity Essay1953 Words   |  8 Pagesfind out what has caused or what the leading factors to obesity are. Researchers are currently still doing research to find out what causes or what may be the lead to obesity. Childhood obesity is a serious medical condition which considers a child to be obese if their Body Mass Index (BMI) is at or above the 95th percentile for children and teens of the same age and sex. 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